Understanding Seasonal Allergies: Causes, Symptoms, and Managing the Onslaught of Spring

The Arrival of Spring and the Onset of Allergies

The first day of spring, March 20, marks a time of renewal and warmer weather for many Canadians. However, for those who suffer from seasonal allergies, the melting snow and budding trees bring a less welcome companion: sneezing, itchy eyes, and runny noses. As the snow melts, it releases mould spores, and trees begin to release pollen, triggering a cascade of allergic reactions. Dr. Birinder Narang, a family physician, notes that allergy season is ramping up, with pollen counts rising and symptoms starting to appear. This overlap with the tail end of cold and flu season can make it tricky to determine whether symptoms are due to allergies or a virus.

Common symptoms of seasonal allergies include sneezing, an itchy nose and throat, nasal congestion, a runny nose, coughing, and watery, itchy, or reddened eyes. While some symptoms, like itchy eyes, are more indicative of allergies, others, such as a stuffy or runny nose, can be caused by both allergies and a cold. Dr. Narang explains that a sore throat is typically not associated with allergies, and while a cough can be caused by either, itchy eyes are less commonly linked to colds unless it’s a case of conjunctivitis.

Regional Allergy Patterns Across Canada

Allergy seasons in Canada follow a predictable pattern, with tree pollen dominating in the spring, grass pollen in the summer, and ragweed in the fall. According to Daniel Coates, director of Aerobiology Research Laboratories, the main tree pollen offenders in Canada are birch, alder, oak, maple, and cedar. These trees release massive amounts of pollen during their blooming seasons, triggering allergies for sensitive individuals. Coates emphasizes that pollen is highly personal; some people react to low levels, while others only respond to high levels, and some may react to specific types of pollen but not others.

While pollen season has already begun in some parts of Canada, it typically peaks in mid- to late April and lasts into May. Later-blooming trees, such as pine, release pollen toward the end of May. In addition to pollen, snow mould spores released during the melt contribute to seasonal allergies, particularly in forested areas like British Columbia.

Pollen Levels and Season Progression Across Canada

Pollen has been in the air for about a month and a half in British Columbia, but the season started slower this year due to cooler January weather. Cedar and alder pollen levels are particularly high in the Vancouver and Victoria areas, while other parts of B.C. will likely see pollen season begin in a few weeks. The Prairies are running behind B.C., with minimal tree pollen so far, but as temperatures rise, pollen levels will increase.

In Ontario and Quebec, minimal pollen has been detected, with a small amount of maple pollen in Ottawa. However, southern Ontario is experiencing low to moderate levels of pollen from maple, cedar, poplar, and elm. The East Coast saw some pollen due to recent warm weather, but the allergy season there typically starts in early April. Coates predicts that this year’s allergy season will be “average,” but notes that pollen seasons have been intensifying over the past 25 years due to climate change, with longer warm weather periods leading to higher pollen levels over an extended timeframe.

Managing Seasonal Allergies: Strategies for Relief

For the one in five Canadians who struggle with respiratory allergies like hay fever, managing symptoms is essential. Dr. Narang recommends identifying and avoiding allergens, whether it’s pollen, mould, or other triggers. Allergy testing can help pinpoint specific culprits. Sinus rinses, such as neti pots or squeeze bottles, can clear mucus and provide relief. Keeping windows and doors closed, using HEPA filters, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak pollen times are additional strategies.

When it comes to medication, antihistamines are a common first line of defence for symptoms like sneezing and itching. Non-sedating options are preferable for daytime use. Decongestants can relieve nasal congestion but should not be used for more than three days to avoid rebound congestion. For severe cases, doctors may recommend nasal corticosteroids or allergy shots for long-term management.

The Impact of Climate Change on Allergies

Climate change has played a significant role in exacerbating allergy seasons. Warmer weather allows pollen to thrive, leading to longer and more intense allergy seasons. This trend has been observed over the past 25 years, with pollen levels increasing in both duration and concentration. As a result, managing symptoms has become more critical than ever.

Conclusion: Preparing for Allergy Season

As spring arrives, Canadians should be mindful of the potential for heightened allergy symptoms. Understanding regional pollen patterns, recognizing symptoms, and taking proactive steps to manage them can help alleviate the discomfort of seasonal allergies. Whether through lifestyle adjustments, medications, or long-term treatments, there are effective ways to navigate the challenges of allergy season. With the right strategies, Canadians can enjoy the beauty of spring without letting allergies take over.