Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly referred to as “forever chemicals,” are found in an array of modern conveniences, from non-stick frying pans to stain-resistant textiles. However, their persistence in the environment and potential toxicity pose significant challenges. This article delves into the nature of PFAS, their widespread presence, and practical steps to mitigate exposure.
The Chemistry and Persistence of PFAS
PFAS encompass a broad family of approximately 15,000 chemicals, each sharing at least two carbon-fluorine bonds—one of the strongest in organic chemistry. This robustness imparts desirable properties, such as resistance to heat, water, and oil, and the ability to act as surfactants, facilitating the mixing of different liquids.
Since their introduction in the 1950s, PFAS have been utilised extensively in both consumer and industrial products. Their resistance to degradation means they persist in the environment and accumulate in living organisms. In 2020, Europe alone saw sales of fluoropolymers, a subgroup of PFAS, surpass 39,000 metric tonnes. This relentless influx ensures that these chemicals are omnipresent, from rainwater and snow to soil and groundwater.
Health and Environmental Concerns
Exposure to PFAS is nearly unavoidable due to their widespread use. Research indicates that certain PFAS can be toxic to humans, with potential links to cancers, brain development issues, reproductive problems, hormone disruption, diabetes, and obesity. In animals, PFAS contamination can disrupt ecological processes, notably in marine environments, where they can impair the ocean’s carbon cycle and exacerbate climate change.
Despite the ubiquity of PFAS, our understanding of their full impact remains limited. Some PFAS are relatively benign, while others pose significant health risks. Prominent PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) are now banned globally under the UN Stockholm Convention, and further bans are under consideration.
Reducing PFAS Exposure
Completely avoiding PFAS exposure is impractical, but steps can be taken to minimise contact with these chemicals. Here are four categories of products to be cautious about:
- Stain-Resistant Textiles: Carpets, sofas, and car interiors often contain PFAS to provide stain resistance. These treatments can lead to exposure through dust ingestion or direct skin contact. When purchasing such items, opt out of additional stain-proofing treatments unless they are explicitly PFAS-free.
- Food Packaging and Cookware: PFAS are used in food packaging materials like greaseproof paper, plastic containers, and disposable plates. Choosing reusable containers labelled as PFAS-free can reduce exposure. Non-stick cookware is another source; as the coating degrades, PFAS can leach into food. Replace worn non-stick cookware with alternatives such as ceramic, stainless steel, or cast iron.
- Outdoor Clothing: Waterproofing in outdoor clothing often relies on PFAS. Brands offering PFAS-free options can be found by checking labels. When re-treating old clothing for waterproofing, ensure the treatment used is PFAS-free.
- Cosmetics: PFAS are prevalent in many cosmetics, including foundations, concealers, and hair products. Some cosmetics can enhance PFAS absorption through the skin. While some brands offer PFAS-free products, many major brands do not. Checking product labels can help reduce exposure.
Regulatory and Industry Responses
Addressing the PFAS issue requires concerted efforts from both regulatory bodies and the industry. The United States has introduced nationwide drinking water limits for PFAS, whereas the UK lacks statutory limits, although the Drinking Water Inspectorate has issued guidance on safe levels. The PFAS-contaminated waste management industry, valued at an estimated £1.57 billion, also faces challenges, as ideal disposal methods like energy recovery incineration prevent material recycling.
Developing safer chemical alternatives is imperative. This includes comprehensive safety evaluations before mass production. Ideally, removing PFAS from the market would significantly reduce exposure, but this is a gradual process necessitating rigorous research and development.
PFAS, with their remarkable durability and utility, pose a significant environmental and health challenge. While it is impossible to completely eliminate exposure to these pervasive chemicals, informed choices can substantially reduce it. As scientific understanding deepens and regulatory frameworks strengthen, the hope is for a future where safer alternatives can replace these persistent substances, thereby safeguarding both human health and the environment.
